We’re in a sad and weird place in biomedical science. In the 1940’s we got penicillin, in the
following 30 years another 13 different classes of antibiotic were introduced. Since 1970 the number of new classes
of antibiotic have dropped to a worrying 2. Our most productive research is, simply put, new ways to arrange the
deckchairs on our once proud antibiotic ship that is now well and truly sinking.
This is an awful situation as we are fast approaching a world full of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and no drugs to
treat them. While problems do exist in the way we diagnose and treat infectious disease, and there remain issues
relating to patient compliance, there is one aspect of our antibiotic use has vastly accelerated, the use of
antibiotics in agriculture. The rise of the antibiotic use in food production has resulted in the development of
the drug resistant herd and the use of antibiotics as a procedural step in food animal production and agriculture
generally has become wide spread in some parts of the world and particularly in the United States.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just released a new report outlining the sales data of antibiotics
for animal agriculture use in the US. Antibiotic use in food production topped out 13.2 MILLION (!!!) kg of
antibiotics last year. This number is up on last years report, the only other report performed by the FDA in this
regard, despite claims by the industry that less antibiotic is being used per animal every year. In many ways this
reflects the global food demands but it also highlights a very important question, should we be pumping our meat
full of antibiotics?
The use of antibiotics in industrial food production was introduced as a preventative measure to avoid sickness,
allowing more animals to grow to weight and then be shipped off to market. But this results in healthy livestock
receiving medication and becoming a breeding ground for antibiotic-resistant strains of many bacterial species
including E. coli. Many of the antibiotics are not actually prescribed, in fact for some agricultural uses there is
no legal requirement for them to be, which is baffling to say the least as we approach a world with fewer and fewer
effective antibiotics.
The effects of antibiotic use can be clearly seen when the US sales data is compared to the European data. In some
parts of Europe, the use of antibiotics for “growth promotion” is illegal and in fact the European Parliament
recently moved to prevent “prophylactic use” which would eliminate the argument of disease prevention as a cue for
antibiotic use. In these parts of Europe the amount of antibiotic sold translates to less than 50mg of antibiotic
per kilogram of meat. While in the US the quantity is at least six times that according to Dr. Gail Hansen, senior
officer and staff veterinarian for Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming, who refers to the World
Health Organisation data reproduced below. Careful breakdown of the FDA report also echoes these concerns about
prescription as there was an overall increase in antibiotic sales noted but a decrease in the sales of
aminoglycosides and cephalosporins which are only available by prescription suggesting a further shift toward
prescription independent antibiotic use.
Dr. Hansen also points out that research indicates strongly that the way antibiotics are being distributed to
livestock is driving up resistance. Routinely antibiotics are delivered via the feed to the animals. Because of
this they receive inconsistent and generally lower than prescription dosages of antibiotic, the perfect situation
if you are trying to generate resistance. Antibiotic resistance develops when an antibiotic is used on a population
of bacteria. Most of the bacterial population will die but any that survive due to random mutations that they
harbor will pass them onto their descendants, who will pass them on to theirs, and so on producing
antibiotic-resistant strains. Standard administered doses can overwhelm even those mutants who contain the saving
mutations and better yet many antibiotics are given in combinations as the likelihood of a single bacterium
harbouring saving mutations to multiple antibiotics is very rare, but extended periods of low dosage with single
antibiotics provides those capable of surviving with enough of an chance to survive and repopulate, even in the
presence of the antibiotic. Worse than this, the presence of a single antibiotic resistant strain can result in the
rise of multiple species exhibiting resistance as many bacterial species have the capacity to share genes with each
other.
The use of antibiotics in agricultural food production and their effects are not just limited to the agricultural
industry. The antibiotics used in food production are in many cases the same or at least very closely related to
the drugs you take when you are sick so the generation of antibiotic-resistant mutants in livestock also reduces
the effectiveness of the drugs you take for your illnesses. Antibiotics are a precious and finite resource where
every use potentially lowers the effectiveness for everyone in the community.
One of the concerns that is often raised with antibiotic use in agricultural food production is residual antibiotic
persisting in the animal throughout the process that converts it into the steak on the shelf. Dr. Hansen suggests
this is less of a problem than people portray as so little antibiotic persists and what does is not toxic.
Agriculturalists must follow mandatory antibiotic withdrawal times before slaughter which helps, but even still
some can remain in products such as milk.
One of Dr Hansen’s main concerns instead is that the vast majority of the antibiotic pass straight through the
animal and exits in the manure. The manure then sits in the fields and continues to select for antibiotic
resistance in the environment and acts as a pool to re-infect new animals. This cycle makes it even more difficult
to reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the agricultural process.
So what can we do? Lowering the amount of antibiotics used non-therapeutically in meat production may reduce the
number of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the environment, so it seems we must try lower usage. Lowering the
number of antibiotic-resistant organisms will have huge flow on effect for human health and may slow the march to
our antibiotic-free future. Consumers are key as they drive demand, argues Dr. Hansen. Specific labels exist in the
US for meat grown without extraneous use of antibiotics so consumers can be informed about the path their meat took
from pasture to plate. Butchers and restaurants should also be aware of the origins of their meat, so ask them.
Even Chicago’s public school system has begun purchasing and serving chicken raised without antibiotics to students
in 473 schools so there is much that can be done.
It’s not impossible to turn this around but it does need a swift change in thinking. Many argue that without
antibiotics in agricultural food production the industry would fail but we already have the solution to this.
Vaccines are very safe and much more effective than antibiotics. They are also significantly cheaper in the long
term. Changes in animal husbandry practices and improved hygiene have also proved to be viable alternatives to
antibiotic use. All we need is the political will to tackle this problem and a cohesive message to reach the
agricultural industry to ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics for you and me, the cows, pigs and chooks persists
into the future.
About the Author: Dr James Byrne has a PhD in Microbiology and works as a science communicator
at the Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus), Australia's unique national science hub, which showcases the
importance of science in everyday life. Follow on Twitter @JB_blogs.
James Byrne
November 16, 2011
References
Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals
EU Parliament Votes To Oppose Most Farm Antibiotic Use
Marshall, B., & Levy, S. (2011). Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health Clinical Microbiology
Reviews, 24 (4), 718-733 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00002-11
